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      English Íslenska (Icelandic)
      Coat of arms of Iceland
      Government of Iceland 05.05.2026 12:06

      Langue islandaise

      La culture et l'histoire islandaises sont intimement liées à la langue. L'islandais est la langue officielle et nationale, l'Islande étant un cas unique, composé qu'il est de différentes régions qui n'ont pas leur patois. L'islandais se rattache à la branche nordique des langues germaniques au sein de la famille des langues indo-européennes, et comme toutes les langues germaniques, offre de nombreuses et riches possibilités de combinaisons. Il a le plus de parenté avec le féroïen et quelques dialectes de l'ouest de la Norvège, il est plus éloigné du danois et du suédois. Des cousins lointains, si l'on peut dire, sont l'anglais, le néerlandais et l'allemand. C'est une langue qui offre à l'étranger de grandes difficultés phonétiques et grammaticales, en raison de la complexité des conjugaisons et déclinaisons d'une part, et d'un système d'adverbes très élaboré. D'autre part, bien que l'islandais utilise les lettres de l'alphabet latin, il comporte plusieurs caractères et accents spécifiques, ð, þ, æ, alors que les lettres c, q, w et z n'y existent pas.

      Les Islandais aiment leur langue et la défendent contre l'invasion de mots étrangers : les néologismes internationaux et le vocabulaire technique y sont intégrés en les adaptant. Des exemples : le mot pour téléphone : sími (fil qui parle), pour logiciel : hugbúnaður (littéralement équipement pour penser), vegabréf  (passeport - feuille de route).  Le mot pour désigner un ordinateur, tölva, a été inventé en combinant tala (nombre) et völva (prophétesse de la mythologie germanique). Les Islandais n'ont aucune difficulté à lire et comprendre un texte islandais ancien, seule la prononciation a évolué. Rares sont les mots provenant de l'étranger, citons    banani, kaffi, tóbak. Les Français seront amusés d'apprendre que le mot mella (femme légère) provient de l'abréviation "mademoiselle", des lettres envoyées d'Islande par les pêcheurs français à leur belle...

      Les noms se déclinent également, et conformément à l'usage patronymique islandais qui est fondé sur l'attribution du patronyme par le prénom de l'un des parents suivi de "fils de" ou "fille de" : Anna Gísladóttir étant la fille de Gísli, Gísli Helgason lui-même étant le fils de Helgi, etc., et puisque nous évoquions le téléphone, l'annuaire téléphonique se singularise par l'énumération alphabétique des abonnés par prénom, ce qui donne une multitude d'abonnés d'un même nom.

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